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Key gas turbine design characteristics are shown in Table 3-1. Table 3-1. Gas Turbine Design Characteristics Thermal output Gas turbines produce a high quality (high temperature) thermal output suitable for most combined heat and power applications. High-pressure steam can be generated or the exhaust can be used directly for process drying and heating. The exhaust can also be used to produce chilled water using an absorption chiller. Fuel flexibility Reliability and life Size range Part-load operation 3.3.2 Components Gas turbines operate on natural gas, synthetic gas, landfill gas, and fuel oils. Plants typically operate on gaseous fuel with a stored liquid fuel for backup to obtain the less expensive, interruptible rate for natural gas. Modern gas turbines have proven to be reliable power generators given proper maintenance. Time to overhaul is typically 25,000 to 50,000 hours. Gas turbines are available in sizes from 500 kW to over 300 MW. Because gas turbines reduce power output by reducing combustion temperature, efficiency at part load can be substantially below that of full-power efficiency. Emissions Many gas turbines burning gaseous fuels (mainly natural gas) feature lean premixed burners (also called dry low-NOx combustors) that produce NOx emissions below 25 ppm, with laboratory data showing emissions down to 9 ppm, and simultaneous low CO emissions in the 10 to 50 ppm range.40 Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or catalytic combustion can further reduce NOx emissions. Many gas turbines sited in locales with stringent emission regulations use SCR after-treatment to achieve single- digit (below 9 ppm) NOx emissions. Figure 3-2 shows the primary components of a simple cycle gas turbine. Figure 3-2. Components of Simple Cycle Gas Turbine Higher temperature and pressure ratios result in higher efficiency and specific power, or power-to- weight ratio. Thus, the general trend in gas turbine advancement has been towards a combination of 40 Gas turbines have high oxygen content in their exhaust because they burn fuel with high excess air to limit combustion temperatures to levels that the turbine blades, combustion chamber and transition section can handle without compromising system life. Consequently, emissions from gas turbines are evaluated at a reference condition of 15 percent oxygen. For comparison, boilers use 3 percent oxygen as the reference condition for emissions, because they can minimize excess air and thus waste less heat in their stack exhaust. Note that due to the different amount of diluent gases in the combustion products, the NOx measurement of 9 ppm @ 15 percent oxygen is approximately equivalent to 27 ppm @ 3 percent oxygen. Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–4 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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