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higher temperatures and pressures. While such advancements increase the manufacturing cost of the machine, the higher value, in terms of greater power output and higher efficiency, provides net economic benefits. 3.3.2.1 Types of Gas Turbines Aeroderivative Gas Turbines Aeroderivative gas turbines for stationary power are adapted from their jet and turboshaft aircraft engine counterparts. While these turbines are lightweight and thermally efficient, they are usually more expensive than products designed and built exclusively for stationary applications. The largest aeroderivative generation turbines available are 40 to 50 MW in capacity. Many aeroderivative gas turbines for stationary use operate with compression ratios in the range of 30:1, requiring a high- pressure external fuel gas compressor. With advanced system developments, larger aeroderivative turbines (>40 MW) have achieved over 43 percent simple-cycle efficiency (LHV). Industrial Gas Turbines Industrial gas turbines, or frame gas turbines, are exclusively for stationary power generation and are available in capacities from 1 to over 300 MW. They are generally less expensive, more rugged, can operate longer between overhauls, and are more suited for continuous base-load operation with longer inspection and maintenance intervals than aeroderivative turbines. However, they are less efficient and much heavier. Industrial gas turbines generally have more modest compression ratios (up to 16:1) and often do not require an external fuel gas compressor. Larger industrial gas turbines (>100 MW) are approaching simple-cycle efficiencies of approximately 40 percent (LHV) and combined-cycle efficiencies of 60 percent (LHV). Industrial plants use gas turbines between 500 kW to 40 MW for on-site power generation and for direct mechanical drive applications. Small gas turbines also drive compressors on long distance natural gas pipelines. In the petroleum industry, turbines drive gas compressors to maintain well pressures and provide compression and pumping for refineries and petrochemical plants. In the steel industry, turbines drive air compressors used for blast furnaces. In process industries such as chemicals, refining and paper, and in large commercial and institutional applications turbines are used in combined heat and power mode generating both electricity and steam for use on-site. 3.4 Performance Characteristics The efficiency of the Brayton cycle is a function of pressure ratio, ambient air temperature, turbine inlet air temperature, the efficiency of the compressor and turbine elements, turbine blade cooling requirements, and also any other performance enhancements (i.e., recuperation, intercooling, inlet air cooling, reheat, steam injection, or combined cycle). All of these parameters, along with gas turbine internal mechanical design features, continue to improve with time. Therefore newer machines are usually more efficient than older ones of the same size and general type. Table 3-2 summarizes performance characteristics for typical commercially available gas turbine CHP systems over the 3 to 45 MW size range. In the table, note that: Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–5 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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