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3.5.2.4 CO Oxidation Catalysts Oxidation catalysts control CO in gas turbine exhaust. Some SCR installations incorporate CO oxidation modules along with NOx reduction catalysts for simultaneous control of CO and NOx. The CO catalyst promotes the oxidation of CO and hydrocarbon compounds to CO2 and water as the exhaust stream passes through the catalyst bed. The oxidation process takes place spontaneously so no reactants are required. The catalyst is usually made of precious metal such as platinum, palladium, or rhodium. Other formations, such as metal oxides for emission streams containing chlorinated compounds, are also used. CO catalysts also reduce VOCs and organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). CO catalysts on gas turbines result in approximately 90 percent reduction of CO and 85 to 90 percent control of formaldehyde (similar reductions can be expected on other HAPs). 3.5.2.5 Catalytic Combustion Catalytic combustion systems oxidize the fuel at lean conditions in the presence of a catalyst. Catalytic combustion is a flameless process, allowing fuel oxidation to occur at temperatures below 1,700°F, where NOx formation is low. The catalyst is applied to combustor surfaces, which cause the fuel air mixture to react with the oxygen and release its initial thermal energy. The combustion reaction in the lean premixed gas then goes to completion at design temperature. Data from ongoing long term testing indicates that catalytic combustion exhibits low vibration and acoustic noise, only one-tenth to one- hundredth the levels measured in the same turbine equipped with DLN combustors. Catalytic combustors capable of achieving NOx levels below 3 ppm are entering commercial production.56 Similar to DLN combustion, optimized catalytic combustion requires an integrated approach for combustor and turbine design. Catalytic combustors must be tailored to the specific operating characteristics and physical layout of each turbine design. 3.5.2.6 Catalytic Absorption Systems SCONOx, patented by Goal Line Environmental Technologies (currently EmerChem), is a post- combustion alternative to SCR that reduces NOx emissions to less than 2.5 ppm and almost 100 percent removal of CO. SCONOx combines catalytic conversion of CO and NOx with an absorption/regeneration process that eliminates the ammonia reagent found in SCR technology. It is based on a unique integration of catalytic oxidation and absorption technology. CO and NO catalytically oxidize to CO2 and NO2. The NO2 molecules are subsequently absorbed on the treated surface of the SCONOx catalyst. The system does not require the use of ammonia, eliminating the potential for ammonia slip associated with SCR. The SCONOx system is generally located within the HRSG, and under special circumstances may be located downstream of the HRSG. The system operates between 300-700oF. U.S. EPA Region 9 identified SCONOx as “Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER)” technology for gas turbine NOx control in 1998. The SCONOx technology is still in the early stages of market introduction. Issues that may impact application of the technology include relatively high capital cost, large reactor size compared to SCR, system complexity, high utilities cost and demand (steam, natural gas, compressed air and electricity are required), and a gradual rise in NO emissions over time that requires a 1 to 2 day 56 For example, Kawasaki offers a version of their M1A 13X, 1.4 MW gas turbine with a catalytic combustor with less than 3 ppm NOx guaranteed. Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–19 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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