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differences, steam turbines are more efficient than reciprocating steam engines operating from the steam at the same inlet conditions and exhausting into the same steam exhaust systems. There are numerous mechanical design features that have been created to increase efficiency, provide for operation over a range of conditions, simplify manufacture and repair, and achieve other practical purposes. The long history of steam turbine use has resulted in a large inventory of steam turbine stage designs that can be used to tailor a product for a specific application. For example, the division of steam acceleration and change in direction of flow varies between competing turbine manufacturers under the identification of impulse and reaction designs. Manufacturers tailor clients’ design requests by varying the flow area in the stages and the extent to which steam is extracted (removed from the flow path between stages) to accommodate the client specifications. When steam is expanded through a very high pressure ratio, as in utility and large industrial steam systems, the steam can begin to condense in the turbine if the temperature of the steam drops below the saturation temperature at that pressure. If water drops were allowed to form in the turbine, they would impact the blades and would cause blade erosion. At this point in the expansion, the steam is sometimes returned to the boiler and reheated to high temperature and then returned to the turbine for further (safe) expansion. In a few very large, very high-pressure utility steam systems, double reheat systems are installed. With these choices the designer of the steam supply system and the steam turbine have the challenge of creating a system design which delivers the (seasonally varying) power and steam, that also presents the most favorable business opportunity to the plant owners. Between the power (only) output of a condensing steam turbine and the power and steam combination of a back pressure steam turbine, essentially any ratio of power to heat output can be supplied to a facility. Moreover, back pressure steam turbines can be obtained with a variety of back pressures, further increasing the variability of the power-to-heat ratio. 4.3.2.3 Condensing Turbine The primary type of turbine used for central power generation is the condensing turbine shown schematically in Figure 4-3. These power-only utility turbines exhaust directly to condensers that maintain vacuum conditions at the discharge of the turbine. An array of tubes, cooled by water from a river, lake or cooling tower, condenses the steam into (liquid) water.59 The vacuum conditions in the condenser are caused by the near ambient cooling water causing condensation of the steam turbine exhaust steam in the condenser. As a small amount of air is known to leak into the system when it is below atmospheric pressure, a relatively small compressor or steam air ejector may be used to remove non-condensable gases from the condenser. Non-condensable gases include both air and a small amount of the corrosion byproduct of the water-iron reaction, hydrogen. 59 At 80° F, the vapor pressure of water is 0.51 psia, at 100° F it is 0.95 psia, at 120° F it is 1.69 psia and at 140° F Fahrenheit it is 2.89 psia Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–6 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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