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optimized for steam production. Hence, while steam turbine CHP system electrical efficiency64 may seem very low, it is because the primary objective is to produce large amounts of steam. The effective electrical efficiency65 of steam turbine systems, however, is generally very high, because almost all the energy difference between the high pressure boiler output and the lower pressure turbine output is converted to electricity. This means that total CHP system efficiencies66 are generally very high and approach the boiler efficiency level. Steam boiler efficiencies range from 70 to 85 percent HHV depending on boiler type and age, fuel, duty cycle, application, and steam conditions. Table 4-2. Backpressure Steam Turbine Cost and Performance Characteristics* Steam Turbine Parameters67 System 1 2 3 Nominal Electricity Capacity (kW) Typical Application Equipment Cost ($/kW)68 Total Installed Cost ($/kW)69 O&M Costs ($/kW)70 Turbine Isentropic Efficiency (%)71 Generator/Gearbox Efficiency (%) Steam Flow (lbs/hr) Inlet Pressure (psig) Inlet Temperature (° Fahrenheit) Outlet Pressure (psig) Outlet Temperature (° Fahrenheit) Boiler Efficiency (%), HHV Electric Efficiency (%), HHV72 Fuel Input (MMBtu/hr) Steam to Process (MMBtu/hr) Steam to Process (kW) Total CHP Efficiency (%), HHV73 500 Industrial, PRV application $668 $1,136 $0.010 52.5% 94% 20,050 500 550 50 298 80% 6.27% 27.2 19.9 5,844 79.60% 3,000 Industrial, universities, hospitals $401 $682 $0.009 61.2% 94% 152,600 600 575 150 373 80% 4.92% 208.3 155.7 45,624 79.68% 15,000 Industrial, universities, hospitals $392 $666 $0.006 78.0% 96% 494,464 700 650 150 379.7 80% 7.31% 700.1 506.8 148,484 79.70% CHP System Parameters 1 2 3 64 Net power output / total fuel input into the system. 65 (Steam turbine electric power output) / (Total fuel into boiler – (steam to process/boiler efficiency)). 66 Net power and steam generated divided by total fuel input. 67 Characteristics for “typical” commercially available steam turbine generator systems provided by Elliott Group. 68 Equipment cost includes turbine, gearbox, generator, control system, couplings, oil system (if required), and packaging; boiler and steam system costs are not included. 69 Installed costs vary greatly based on site-specific conditions; installed costs of a “typical” simple installation were estimated to be 50-70% of the equipment costs. 70 Maintenance assumes normal service intervals over a 5 year period, excludes parts. 71 The Isentropic efficiency of a turbine is a comparison of the actual power output compared to the ideal, or isentropic, output. It is a measure of the effectiveness of extracting work from the expansion process and is used to determine the outlet conditions of the steam from the turbine. 72 CHP electrical efficiency = Net electricity generated/Total fuel into boiler. A measure of the amount of boiler fuel converted into electricity. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–10 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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