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Table 4-2. Backpressure Steam Turbine Cost and Performance Characteristics* Steam Turbine Parameters67 System 1 2 3 Power/Heat Ratio74 Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh)75 Effective Electrical Efficiency (%), HHV Heat/Fuel Ratio76 * For typical systems available in 2014. 0.086 4,541 75.15% 0.733 0.066 4,540 75.18% 0.748 0.101 4,442 76.84% 0.724 Equipment costs shown include the steam turbine, gearbox, generator, control system, couplings, oil system (if required), and packaging. Installed costs vary greatly based on site-specific conditions. Installed costs of a “typical” simple installation were estimated to be 50-70 percent of the equipment costs. Boiler and steam system costs are not included in these estimates. 4.4.1 Performance Losses Steam turbines, especially smaller units, may leak steam around blade rows and out the end seals. When the turbine operates or exhausts at a low pressure, as is the case with condensing steam turbines, air can also leak into the system. The leakages cause less power to be produced than expected, and the makeup water has to be treated to avoid boiler and turbine material problems. Air that has leaked needs to be removed, which is usually done by a steam air ejector or a fan removing non-condensable gases from the condenser. Because of the high pressures used in steam turbines, the casing is quite thick, and consequently steam turbines exhibit large thermal inertia. Large steam turbines must be warmed up and cooled down slowly to minimize the differential expansion between the rotating blades and the stationary parts. Large steam turbines can take over ten hours to warm up. While smaller units have more rapid startup times or can be started from cold conditions, steam turbines differ appreciably from reciprocating engines, which start up rapidly, and from gas turbines, which can start up in a moderate amount of time and load follow with reasonable rapidity. Steam turbine applications usually operate continuously for extended periods of time, even though the steam fed to the unit and the power delivered may vary (slowly) during such periods of continuous operation. As most steam turbines are selected for applications with high duty factors, the nature of their application often takes care of the need to have only slow temperature changes during operation, and long startup times can be tolerated. Steam boilers similarly may have long startup times, although rapid start-up boilers are available. 73 Total CHP efficiency = (Net electricity generated + Net steam to process)/Total fuel into boiler. 74 Power/Heat Ratio = CHP electrical power output (Btu)/useful heat output (Btu). 75 Net Heat Rate = (total fuel input to the boiler - the fuel that would be required to generate the steam to process assuming the same boiler efficiency)/steam turbine electric output (kW). 76 Effective Electrical Efficiency = (Steam turbine electric power output) / (Total fuel into boiler – (steam to process/boiler efficiency)). Equivalent to 3,412 Btu/kWh/Net Heat Rate. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–11 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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