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they can be used with a gas turbine in a combined cycle configuration. Boiler emissions vary depending on fuel type and environmental conditions. Table 4-4 illustrates typical emissions of NOx, PM, and CO for boilers by size of steam turbine system and by fuel type. SOx emissions are not based on the size of the boiler; rather, they are a function of the sulfur content of the fuel and the fuel combustion rate. Based on using the average fuel heat content assumptions, uncontrolled input emissions for SOx range from 0.49-1.9 lbs/MMBtu from coal,79 1.16- 2.22 lbs/MMBtu from wood,80 1.53lbs/MMBtu from fuel oils,81 and very little to insignificant levels from natural gas combustion. Table 4-4. Typical Boiler Emissions Ranges Boiler Fuel System 1 500 kW Systems 2 and 3 3 MW / 15 MW NOx CO PM NOx CO PM Coal (lbs/MMBtu) Wood (lbs/MMBtu) Fuel Oil (lbs/MMBtu) N/A N/A N/A 0.22-0.49 0.6 0.33-0.56 0.15-0.37 0.03 0.01-0.08 0.03-0.1 0.08 - Note: all emissions values are without post-combustion treatment. 0.20-1.24 0.0.02-0.7 0.22-0.49 0.06 0.07-0.31 0.03 0.1 – 0.28 0.08 0.33-0.56 0.01-0.08 - Natural Gas (lbs/MMBtu) Source: EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources 4.5.1 Boiler Emissions Control Options - NOx NOx control has been a focus of emission control research and development in boilers. The following provides a description of the most prominent emission control approaches. 4.5.1.1 Combustion Process emissions Control Combustion control techniques are less costly than post-combustion control methods and are often used on industrial boilers for NOx control. Control of combustion temperature has been the principal focus of combustion process control in boilers. Combustion control requires tradeoffs – high temperatures favor complete burn up of the fuel and low residual hydrocarbons and CO, but promote NOx formation. Very lean combustion dilutes the combustion process and reduces combustion temperatures and NOx formation, and allows a higher compression ratio or peak firing pressures resulting in higher efficiency. However, if the mixture is too lean, misfiring and incomplete combustion occurs, increasing CO and VOC emissions. 79 http://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/co2_article/co2.html 80 http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/dmah/Home/Ambits%20dactuacio/Medi%20natural/Gestio%20forestal/Funcions%20dels%20b oscos/Funcions%20productores%20del%20bosc/Biomassa%20forestal/Activitats%20realitzades/Curs%20daprofitament%20de% 20biomassa%20forestal/2_ncp.pdf 81 http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Sulphur-oxides-(SOx)-%E2%80%93- Regulation-14.aspx Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–16 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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