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4.5.1.6 Water/Steam Injection Injecting water or steam into the flame reduces flame temperature, lowering thermal NOx formation and overall NOx emissions. However, under normal operating conditions, water/steam injection can lower boiler efficiency by 3 to 10 percent. Also, there is a practical limit to the amount that can be injected without causing condensation-related problems. This method is often employed in conjunction with other NOx control techniques such as burner modifications or flue gas recirculation. When used with natural gas-fired boilers, water/steam injection can result in NOx reduction of up to 80 percent, with lower reductions achievable in oil-fired boilers. 4.5.2 Post-Combustion Emissions Control There are several types of exhaust gas treatment processes that are applicable to industrial boilers. 4.5.2.1 Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) In a boiler with SNCR, a NOx reducing agent such as ammonia or urea is injected into the boiler exhaust gases at a temperature in the 1,400 to 1,600° F range. The agent breaks down the NOx in the exhaust gases into water and atmospheric nitrogen (N2). While SNCR can reduce boiler NOx emissions by up to 70 percent, it is very difficult to apply this technology to industrial boilers that modulate or cycle frequently because the agent must be introduced at a specific flue gas temperature in order to perform properly. Also, the location of the exhaust gases at the necessary temperature is constantly changing in a cycling boiler. 4.5.2.2 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) This technology involves the injection of the reducing agent into the boiler exhaust gas in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst allows the reducing agent to operate at lower exhaust temperatures than SNCR, in the 500 to 1,200° F depending on the type of catalyst. NOx reductions of up to 90 percent are achievable with SCR. The two agents used commercially are ammonia (NH3 in anhydrous liquid form or aqueous solution) and aqueous urea. Urea decomposes in the hot exhaust gas and SCR reactor, releasing ammonia. Approximately 0.9 to 1.0 moles of ammonia is required per mole of NOx at the SCR reactor inlet in order to achieve an 80 to 90 percent NOx reduction. SCR is however costly to use and can only occasionally be justified on boilers with inputs of less than 100 MMBtu/hr. SCR requires on-site storage of ammonia, a hazardous chemical. In addition, ammonia can “slip” through the process unreacted, contributing to environmental and health concerns. 4.5.2.3 Boiler Emissions Control Options – SOx The traditional method for controlling SOx emissions is dispersion via a tall stack to limit ground level emissions. The more stringent SOx emissions requirements in force today demand the use of reduction methods as well. These include use of low sulfur fuel, desulfurizing fuel, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD). Desulfurization of fuel, such as in FGD, primarily applies to coal, and is principally used for utility boiler emissions control. Use of low sulfur fuels is the most cost effective SOx control method for industrial boilers, as it does not require installation and maintenance of special equipment. Catalog of CHP Technologies 4–18 Steam TurbinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines Section 4
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