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The first phase is at the first instance of plasma formation and after 1-2 s, the temperature increasing rate with operation time is about k = 8 ◦C/s for 9.1 kV voltage and k = 16 ◦C/s for 11.4 kV voltage. For the highest test voltage, Vp−p = 15 kV, k reaches 24 ◦C/s. B. Anti-icing Study in Icing Wind Tunnel Fig. 8 shows the anti-icing process using plasma actuation at -20 ◦C static temperature and 15 m/s wind speed at 15.0 kV voltage and 13.4 kHz frequency. The plasma is activated after water vapour spraying in about 5 seconds. It clearly shows that there no ice accretion on the surface of the cylinder once the plasma is activated. After the total 380 s duration time of plasma actuation, there is still no ice accretion on the surface of the cylinder. a) t = 30 s. b) t = 60 s. c) t = 240 s. d) t = 480 s. e) t = 720 s. f) t = 960 s. Figure 8. Process of AC-DBD plasma anti-icing for multi-actuator model (V = 15 m/s, T = -20 ◦C). C. Deicing Study in Icing Wind Tunnel The deicing process began after wind tunnel ran for 15 minutes at -20 ◦C static temperature and 15 m/s speed air flow at 15.0 kV voltage and 13.4 kHz frequency. Fig. 9 shows the deicing process with the test photos at different operation times. Fig. 9a shows the actuator is off and the ice is already formed at t = 0. It is the rime ice with a 5 mm average thickness. During the plasma actuation, as shown in Fig. 9a-d, the plasma glow firstly appears at the region where there exists the air which can be discharged. Due to the sudden freezing at extremely cold temperature, the rime ice always traps air molecules inside, thus it has a soft and loose structure, so the plasma discharge occurs not only on the surface of the model, but also in the space inside the ice layer. After a few seconds, because of the discharge heating, the ice is melt at the discharge region, then flying away with the incoming flow, no longer accreted on the surface of the cylinder. After plasma actuating on about 150 s, the ice layer is completely deleted from the surface of the cylinder, as shown in Fig. 9e-f. Fig. 10 shows the infrared images of the plasma deicing process for single-actuator model at different voltages. Fig. 11 shows the temperature changes with the voltage at x = 0. The voltage is increased during the test. There are 6 voltage values with a fixed frequency of 11.5 kHz, for each fixed voltage, the duration time is about 50 s. For Vp−p = 6.3 kV, the surface temperature of discharge zone is below 0◦C, when voltage is increased to 14.1 kV, the area of the plasma glow is increasing obviously and the surface temperature is above 0◦C. The surface temperature variation with the voltages is almost linear. Fig. 12 shows the infrared pictures of the plasma deicing process for single-trip actuator at different voltages. The total duration time is 380 s. Fig. 13 shows the temperature changes with the voltage at x = 0. 8 of 14 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Downloaded by NORTHWESTERN POLYTECHICAL UNIV. on June 23, 2016 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.2016-4019PDF Image | Experimental Study of Deicing and Anti-icing on a Cylinder by DBD Plasma Actuation
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