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needed to incorporate effective methods to reduce infrared emissions. This was accomplished using reduced radar cross-section-compatible techniques, including hiding, shaping, and temperature control. The F-35 exhaust system employs a cooled turbine face blocker, effectively eliminating the temptation to employ more impacting techniques like a serpentine exhaust duct. The F135 exhaust system does use a cooled nozzle to significantly reduce the aft sector infrared signature. With these techniques, the cooled blocker and nozzle tail-on infrared signature is significantly less than the signature of an uncooled exhaust system. D. F-35B STOVL Lift System 1. Background For more than 50 years, fighter aircraft designers have vigorously pursued the speed and range of a conventional jet while achieving the basing flexibility of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL). Numerous STOVL concepts have been developed over the decades, all with compromises that limited the effectiveness of the aircraft. The F-35B STOVL lift system successfully achieved a breakthrough that redefines the relationship between conventional thrust and vertical propulsive lift. Moreover, it achieves that with major increases in performance, efficiency, and safety. This elegant integration results in a relatively simple engine-driven LiftFan. It has an enabling engine powerful enough to achieve a lift-to-thrust ratio of approximately 1.5-to-1 (Fig. 16) – a significant increase over direct lift designs. The shaft-driven LiftFan provides high levels of thrust augmentation with a cool, low-pressure footprint, sufficient control power, and efficient packaging in the airframe design. Since the main engine is primarily optimized for conventional flight, the propulsion system performance is not compromised for its vertical lift capability. The LiftFan augments vertical flight similarly to the way an afterburner augments high-speed performance [31]. The lift fan provides an additional ingenious benefit: the (relatively cool) thrust exhaust protects the main engine inlet and forward portions of the aircraft from hot gas re-ingestion or damage. Fig. 16 Revolutionary step increase in vertical lift. In addition to achieving powerful lift thrust, a STOVL aircraft must achieve sufficient control power in each axis to successfully transition through the wingborne, semi-jetborne, and jetborne flight phases. The F-35B STOVL lift system accomplishes this through several key components (Fig. 17): 1) LiftFan clutch and driveshaft: to selectively transfer power from the main engine to the LiftFan; 2) Variable area vane box nozzle (VAVBN): to control the LiftFan exit area and fore-aft thrust vectoring; 3) Roll post nozzles: to redirect main engine fan air through under-wing nozzles for roll control; and 4) 3BSM: to vector the main engine nozzle fore-aft and laterally for yaw control. Approved for public release 5/8/18, JSF18-365 22PDF Image | F-35 Air Vehicle Technology Overview
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