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Introduction 9 thruster is in development for satellite station-keeping and deep-space propulsion applications. The more familiar Russian SPT-100 Hall thruster, which has considerable flight heritage on Russian spacecraft [15] and is described in Chapter 9, operates nominally [28,29] at a power of 1.35 kW and an Isp of 1600 s. This thruster includes a redundant hollow cathode to increase the reliability and features a lifetime in excess of 9000 hours12. In addition, the SPT-100 has also been flown on U.S. commercial communications satellites [23]. 1.5 Beam/Plume Characteristics The ion beam exiting the thruster is often called the thruster plume, and the characteristics of this plume are important in how the exhaust particles interact with the spacecraft. Figure 1-5 shows the generic characteristics of a thruster plume. First, the beam has an envelope and a distribution of the ion currents in that envelope. Second, the energetic ions in the beam can charge exchange with neutral gas coming from the thruster or the neutralizer, producing fast neutrals propagating in the beam direction and slow ions. These slow ions then move in the local electric fields associated with the exit of the acceleration region and the neutralizer plasma, and can backflow into the thruster or move radially to potentially bombard any spacecraft components in the vicinity. Third, energetic ions are often generated at large angles from the thrust axis due either to edge effects (fringe fields) in the acceleration optics of ion thrusters, large gradients in the edge of the acceleration region in Hall thrusters, or scattering of the beam ions with the background gas. Finally, the thruster evolves impurities associated Thruster Accelerator Charge Exchange Ions Fringe and Scattered Ions θ Sputtered Material Distribution Ion Distribution Beam Envelope Fig. 1-5. Generic thruster-beam plume showing the ion distribution, sputtered material, and “large angle” or charge exchange ions.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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