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Chapter 2 Thruster Principles Electric thrusters propel the spacecraft using the same basic principle as chemical rockets—accelerating mass and ejecting it from the vehicle. The ejected mass from electric thrusters, however, is primarily in the form of energetic charged particles. This changes the performance of the propulsion system compared to other types of thrusters and modifies the conventional way of calculating some of the thruster parameters, such as specific impulse and efficiency. Electric thrusters provide higher exhaust velocities than is available from gas jets or chemical rockets, which either improves the available change in vehicle velocity (called v or delta-v) or increases the delivered spacecraft and payload mass for a given v. Chemical rockets generally will have exhaust velocities of 3 to 4 km/s, while the exhaust velocity of electric thrusters can approach 102 km/s for heavy propellant such as xenon atoms, and 103 km/s for light propellants such as helium. 2.1 The Rocket Equation The mass ejected to provide thrust to the spacecraft is the propellant, which is carried onboard the vehicle and expended during thrusting. From conservation of momentum, the ejected propellant mass times its velocity is equal to the spacecraft mass times its change in velocity. The “rocket equation” describing the relationship between the spacecraft velocity and the mass of the system is derived as follows. The force on a spacecraft, and thus the thrust on the vehicle, is equal to the mass of the spacecraft, M, times its change in velocity, v: Force = T = M dv . (2.1-1) dt 15PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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