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Chapter 3 Basic Plasma Physics 3.1 Introduction Electric propulsion achieves high specific impulse by the acceleration of charged particles to high velocity. The charged particles are produced by ionization of a propellant gas, which creates both ions and electrons and forms what is called a plasma. Plasma is then a collection of the various charged particles that are free to move in response to fields they generate or fields that are applied to the collection and, on the average, is almost electrically neutral. This means that the ion and electron densities are nearly equal, ni ne , a condition commonly termed “quasi-neutrality.” This condition exists throughout the volume of the ionized gas except close to the boundaries, and the assumption of quasi-neutrality is valid whenever the spatial scale length of the plasma is much larger than the characteristic length over which charges or boundaries are electrostatically shielded, called the Debye length. The ions and electrons have distributions in energy usually characterized by a temperature Ti for ions and Te for electrons, which are not necessarily or usually the same. In addition, different ion and electron species can exist in the plasma with different temperatures or different distributions in energy. Plasmas in electric propulsion devices, even in individual parts of a thruster, can span orders of magnitude in plasma density, temperature, and ionization fraction. Therefore, models used to describe the plasma behavior and characteristics in the thrusters must be formed with assumptions that are valid in the regime being studied. Many of the plasma conditions and responses in thrusters can be modeled by fluid equations, and kinetic effects are only important in specific instances. There are several textbooks that provide very comprehensive introductions to plasma physics [1–3] and the generation of ion beams [4]. This chapter is 37PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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