PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 058
46 Chapter 3 temperature and density are known. The electrons tend to be relatively hot (compared to the ions and atoms) in ion and Hall thrusters because they typically are injected into the plasma or heated by external mechanisms to provide sufficient energy to produce ionization. In the presence of electric and magnetic fields in the plasma and at the boundaries, the electron motion will no longer be purely random, and the flux described by Eq. (3.4-12) must be modified as described in the remainder of this chapter. The ions in thrusters, on the other hand, are usually relatively cold in temperature (they may have high directed velocities after being accelerated, but they usually have low random velocities and temperatures). This occurs because the ions are not well confined in the plasma generators because they must be extracted to form the thrust beam, and so they leave the plasma after perhaps only a single pass. The ions are also not heated efficiently by the various mechanisms used to ionize the gas. Therefore, the plasmas in ion and Hall thrusters are usually characterized as having cold ions and Maxwellian electrons with a high electron-to-ion temperature ratio (Te /Ti 10). As a result, the velocity of the ions in the plasma and the fluxes to the boundaries tend to be determined by the electric fields generated inside the plasma to conserve charge, and to be different from the expressions derived here for the electron velocity and fluxes. This effect will be described in more detail in Section 3.6. 3.5 Plasma as a Fluid The behavior of most of the plasma effects in ion and Hall thrusters can be described by simplified models in which the plasma is treated as a fluid of neutral particles and electrical charges with Maxwellian distribution functions, and the interactions and motion of only the fluid elements must be considered. Kinetic effects that consider the actual velocity distribution of each species are important in some instances, but will not be addressed here. 3.5.1 Momentum Conservation In constructing a fluid approach to plasmas, there are three dominant forces on the charged particles in the plasma that transfer momentum that are considered here. First, charged particles react to electric and magnetic field by means of the Lorentz force, which was given by Eq. (3.3-1): FL =m dv =q(E+v B). (3.5-1) dt Next, there is a pressure gradient force,PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
PDF Search Title:
Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall ThrustersOriginal File Name Searched:
Goebel__cmprsd_opt.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)