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Basic Plasma Physics 57 dni = nane ive , (3.6-10) dt where i is the ionization cross section, ve is the electron velocity, and the term in the brackets is the reaction rate coefficient, which is the ionization cross section averaged over the electron velocity distribution function. Likewise, the production rate per unit volume of excited neutrals, n , is dn = nane ve j , (3.6-11) dt j where is the excitation cross section and the reaction rate coefficient is averaged over the electron distribution function and summed over all possible excited states j. A complete listing of the ionization and excitation cross sections for xenon is given in Appendix D, and the reaction rate coefficients for ionization and excitation averaged over a Maxwellian electron distribution are given in Appendix E. Charge exchange [2,6] in ion and Hall thrusters usually describes the resonant charge transfer between like atoms and ions in which essentially no kinetic energy is exchanged during the collision. Because this is a resonant process, it can occur at large distances, and the charge exchange (CEX) cross section is very large [2]. For example, the charge exchange cross section for xenon is about 10–18 m2 [7], which is significantly larger than the ionization and excitation cross sections for this atom. Since the ions in the thruster are often energetic due to acceleration by the electric fields in the plasma or acceleration in ion thruster grid structures, charge exchange results in the production of energetic neutrals and relatively cold ions. Charge exchange collisions are often a dominant factor in the heating of cathode structures, the mobility and diffusion of ions in the thruster plasma, and the erosion of grid structures and surfaces. While the details of classical collision physics are interesting, they are well described in several other textbooks [1,2,5] and are not critically important to understanding ion and Hall thrusters. However, the various collision frequencies and cross sections are of interest for use in modeling the thruster discharge and performance. The frequency of collisions between electrons and neutrals is sometimes written [8] asPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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