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98 Chapter 4 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 Mass Utilization Efficiency Fig. 4-5. Discharge loss for the ideal thruster example as a function of mass utilization efficiencies for a 30-cm plasma generator length. required to produce one ampere of beam current is about 90 watts. While it only takes 12.13 eV to ionize a xenon atom, even in an idealized thruster it takes 7.5 times this energy to produce and deliver an ion into the beam due to other losses. It is informative to see where the extra input power goes in the thruster. Figure 4-6 shows the power lost in each of the four energy loss mechanisms described above for an ideal thruster 30-cm long producing 1 A of beam current. The ionization power is constant in this case because this example was constrained to produce 1 A, and the power required per beam ampere is then (1/0.8)*12.13 = 15.1 W. The major power loss is excitation at low mass utilization where the electron temperature is low, as suggested by Fig. 4-4. The ion and electron convection losses to the wall also increase at higher mass utilization efficiencies because the neutral density is decreasing, which increases the electron temperature, raises the plasma potential, and thereby increases the energy lost per electron and ion. Many thruster design concepts use electron confinement to improve the efficiency. The impact of this can be examined in this ideal thruster model by reducing the anode area Aa . Figure 4-7 shows the four energy-loss mechanisms for the same idealized thruster example just used, but with the effective anode area collecting electrons decreased to 1cm2. By conservation of charge, Discharge Loss (eV/ion)PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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