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142 Chapter 4 correct energy distribution and even spatial variation in the primaries is required, and is better handled by 2-D models discussed in Section 4.7. 4.4 Kaufman Ion Thrusters The formulation of particle and energy balance models just described applies to any ion thruster geometry where the electron loss can be defined by a finite anode electrode area collecting electrons at a fraction of the random electron flux depending on the sheath voltage. One class of thrusters still in use, the Kaufman ion thruster shown schematically in Fig. 4-26, features a strongly diverging axial magnetic field that shields a cylindrical anode electrode located near the wall of the discharge chamber. In this case, electron transport to the anode is determined by cross-field diffusion. In Section 3.6, the flux of electrons due to cross-field diffusion is given by e =nv =μ nE–D n. (4.4-1) For the case of Kaufman thrusters, the perpendicular diffusion coefficient is likely to be close to the Bohm diffusion coefficient [45]: Anode Hollow Cathode Baffle B-Field Lines Fig. 4-26. Schematic of a Kaufman ion thruster showing the hollow cathode with a baffle, and the anode protected by magnetic fields produced by an external solenoid coil.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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