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146 Chapter 4 suggesting that the 0-D model can produce reasonable predictions of the discharge loss if the cross-field diffusion is handled properly. The need for higher discharge voltages in Kaufman thrusters, compared to ring- cusp thrusters, is illustrated in Fig. 4-28, where the discharge loss is plotted for the Kaufman thruster example above with two cases of the discharge voltage at a constant (total) cathode voltage drop of 16 V. Low discharge loss is achieved for the 35-V discharge voltage case, but decreasing the discharge voltage to 30 V causes the discharge loss to increase dramatically. This is because the primary electron energy in the discharge chamber is near the threshold energy for ionization at this discharge voltage, and the discharge efficiency decreases as more ionization is required from the plasma electrons. In addition, the lower discharge voltage causes the plasma potential to go significantly negative relative to the anode potential ( Te ), which will cause the discharge to become unstable. While Kaufman-type thrusters are considered to be the first ion thruster to achieve good discharge production performance, they now compete with ring- cusp thrusters for application in modern electric propulsion systems. This is because of several constraints in Kaufman thruster design. First, the strong axial magnetic field restricts electron motion to the anode to cross-field diffusion, which requires either high neutral pressures in the discharge chamber for electron-neutral collisional diffusion and, thereby, low mass utilization efficiency, or relies on collective instabilities to increase the diffusion rate to 350 300 250 200 150 100 Vd = 30 V Vd = 35 V 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 Mass Utilization Efficiency 0.94 0.96 Fig. 4-28. Discharge loss calculated for Kaufman thruster example at two discharge voltages. 0.88 0.90 0.92 Discharge Loss (eV/ion)PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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