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Ion Thruster Plasma Generators 165 to expand to the grids along divergent magnetic field lines. Figure 4-36 shows an ECR plasma source where a stronger magnetic field region resonant with 2.4-GHz radiation (produced by commercial magnetron microwave sources) is restricted to the rear of the discharge chamber. Of course, expanding the plasma from the resonance region to the grids decreases the plasma density and current density, so even higher magnetic fields and frequencies than just mentioned are normally required in the interaction region to produce over 1 mA/cm2 to the grids. The microwave radiation in this ECR plasma source is coupled into the rear of the discharge chamber through a waveguide window, and a quartz liner is used in the resonant region to ensure that the hot electrons are not lost directly to the metal walls of the chamber. The magnetic field in this geometry is produced by electromagnets, with a strong divergence in the field to spread the plasma over the grid region at the exit of the discharge chamber. This is a common geometry for industrial ion sources and plasma sources used in plasma processing, and the performance of the plasma generator is well known. The performance of this style of microwave ion thruster can be examined with a 0-D model. Assume that the magnetic field is sufficiently strong that radial losses can be neglected. This assumption implies that the plasma is frozen on the field lines such that the density decreases linearly with the area increase as the field expands. This simplifies the model to the case of a straight cylindrical source with no radial losses. The plasma is lost axially to both the screen area As and the rear wall area Aw . Since there is no DC applied field, the plasma floats relative to the internal surfaces, the electrons are lost to the axial rear wall area and the collection area of the screen grid given by (1 – Ts )As . Neglecting 2.45 GHz In Electromagnets Quartz Liner Propellant Inlets Resonance Region (875 G) Fig. 4-36. Schematic of microwave ion source with a volume- resonance zone of strong magnetic field produced by electromagnets.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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