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208 Chapter 5 thermal deformation are generally required to provide stable ion optics performance with minimal beam divergence. 5.4 Electron Backstreaming Downstream of the accelerator grid, the ion beam is charge and current neutralized by electrons from the neutralizer hollow cathode. Since electrons are much more mobile than ions, a potential barrier is needed to stop neutralizer electrons from flowing back into the discharge chamber. In the absence of a potential barrier, the electron current would be several hundred times the ion current, wasting essentially all of the electrical power. The potential barrier is produced by the negatively biased accel grid. The minimum potential established by the accel grid prevents all but the highest energy electrons from traveling backwards from the beam plasma into the discharge chamber. The so- called “backstreaming” electron current is not only a parasitic power loss since these electrons do not add thrust, but it can damage the thruster by overheating the internal components of the discharge chamber such as the cathode. The accel grid bias voltage required to limit the electron backstreaming current to a small value (typically <1% of the beam current) can be determined by evaluating Poisson’s equation in the grid aperture in the presence of the beamlet ion current with 2-D computer codes. An example of such a calculation is shown in Fig. 5-9, where the potential between the electrodes and on the axis of the half-beamlet is shown. Note that the potential minimum in the center of the beamlet is only a small fraction of the applied accel grid voltage in this 1500 1000 500 0 −500 Screen Grid Accel Grid Between Beamlets In Beamlets Distance Fig. 5-9. Potentials on-axis in an individual beamlet and between the beamlets intersecting the grids. Potential (V)PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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