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220 Chapter 5 until the surface is well conditioned or the arc anchors in one spot and causes damage to the surface. As the gap between the electrodes increases, the threshold voltage curves become more linear and the surface asymptotes to a constant threshold electric field. Figure 5-15 shows the threshold electric field for large gaps for a flat molybdenum surface texturized by grit blasting and actual texturized grid material with apertures chemically etched into the material. In this case, high coulomb transfer arcs tend to damage and degrade the voltage standoff of the grids. Scanning electron microscope photographs show localized damage to the edge of the beam apertures, resulting in more field emission sites. The molybdenum surfaces are initially capable of holding electric fields of well over 200 kV/cm, but the surface roughening to retain flakes and the aperture 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0123 Electrode Gap (mm) Fig. 5-15. Threshold electric field versus gap for (a) textured molybdenum plate and (b) textured grid material (from [36]). (a) New Molybdenum Plate 1 mC 20 mC (b) New Molybdenum Grid 1 mC 20 mC Threshold E-Field (kV/cm) Threshold E-Field (kV/cm)PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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