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Ion Thruster Accelerator Grids 233 the smallest area that can be used to model the ion optics in order to minimize computational time. Similar triangles will cover each aperture pair by a combination of reflections and rotations. The computational domain extends from a few millimeters into the discharge chamber through the grids to a few centimeters downstream of the final grid. In addition to tracking the beam-ion trajectories, the code calculates charge exchange ion production rates and charge exchange trajectories in three dimensions. Erosion of the accel grid barrel and downstream face is caused by these charge exchange ions. The location, kinetic energy, incidence angle, and current of each particle are recorded and used to compute the rate at which the grid material is removed. As shown above, charge exchange ions that strike the downstream surface of the accelerator grid can come from several centimeters downstream of the grid. Therefore, the computations domain is usually extended to 5-cm downstream of the final grid. An example of the accel-grid downstream face erosion pattern predicted by CEX-3D is shown in Fig. 5-26. The triangular patches (the “pits”), where the grid webbing intersects, are shown in the photograph of the NSTAR ELT grid at the end of the test [49] and are predicted by the code in Fig. 5-26(a). In addition, the depth of the ring of erosion around the aperture (“the grooves”) is also seen in Fig. 5-26(b) from the code predictions. Accelerator grid pits-and-grooves erosion can be almost eliminated by the use of a third decelerator grid [44]. The Xenon Ion Propulsion System (XIPS®) thruster [53] is an example of an ion thruster that uses a three-grid ion optics system. As shown in Fig. 5-27, the third grid reduces from centimeters to (a) (b) Fig. 5-26. CEX-3D calculation of the pits-and-grooves erosion wear patterns that match the experimental patterns shown in (a) Fig. 5-22(a) and (b) 5-22(b).PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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