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280 Chapter 6 cylindrical region before the chamfer, consistent with the predicted ion bombardment location in Fig. 6-22. The time required to produce this erosion pattern is not known since Fig. 6-23 shows a destructive analysis after the end of the test. In fact, the erosion pattern shown in the destructive analysis of the neutralizer cathode orifice after the 30,000-hour extended life test (ELT) [38] shown in Fig. 6-24 is nearly identical to the shorter-duration LDT result. The ELT cathode experienced nearly double the operation time of the LDT cathode at the full-power level, which did not further erode the orifice. The 1-D orifice model described above finds that the larger-diameter orifice reduced the neutral pressure and plasma density in the orifice by about a factor of four, which reduced the plasma potential increase along the orifice by a factor of two. The combination of a significantly lower ion bombardment flux, the lower ion energy, and the increase in inner surface area as the cylinder radius increases caused the erosion rate to fall to negligible levels once the orifice opened sufficiently. One might expect similar erosion behavior from discharge cathode orifices. Figure 6-25 shows the destructive analysis of the LDT discharge cathode orifice plate after 8200 hours at full power. There is no discernable erosion in the cross section. In this case, the 1-D model shows that the much larger initial orifice diameter reduced the neutral pressure, plasma density, and potential in the orifice to the point that the ion bombardment erosion became negligible (similar to the eroded neutralizer cathode orifice case). In addition, the model shows that electron multiplication is reduced due to the lower ionization rate, and so the insert plasma must produce more of the discharge current than in neutralizer cathodes. It is clear that a simple orifice-plasma model can illustrate Fig. 6-24. Neutralizer cathode orifice cross section showing the erosion pattern after the NSTAR 30,152-hour extended life test [38].PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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