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Hollow Cathodes 287 Fig. 6-32. Potential and temperature profiles from the 1-D model and the axial probe data from the NEXIS cathode at 25 A and 5.5 sccm [39]. bright, well defined “plasma ball” shown in Fig. 6-28 might suggest potential or density discontinuities, but this is not the case. The fact that the plasma density is falling exponentially away from the keeper, and that the neutral gas density falls as the inverse distance from the cathode squared as well, suggests that the boundaries of the ball are just the manifestation of a rapidly decreasing excitation rate and the visual integration of transverse chords through this 3-D region by the eye. The plasma potential and electron temperature profiles for the case of the NEXIS cathode at 25 A with a higher gas flow (10 sccm) are shown in Fig.6-33. In this case, close to the keeper, the potential and temperature predicted by the model do not agree well with the data, and the photograph in Fig. 6-28(b) suggests a dark space in this region of very low electron temperature that is not captured by the 1-D model. However, the potential discontinuity or jump observed in the experimental data for this case at about 1 cm from the keeper exit corresponds to an electron temperature increase and higher plasma potentials. In the lower temperature region upstream of this potential jump, the model indicates that the electron Mach number is approaching 1, which suggests the generation of a double layer or plasma instabilities that accelerate the electrons and heat the plasma. Double layers can be formed in regions where the plasma potential changes rapidly between two relative low-field regions. Double layer formation was originally analyzed by Langmuir [40] and was described in Chapter 3. AcrossPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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