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290 Chapter 6 Fig. 6-34. Flow rate at which the Langmuir ratio is equal to one and double layers can be formed as a function of the distance downstream from the NEXIS cathode orifice [39]. electron temperature obtained from classical resistivity, with the low neutral density in the plume, produce insufficient ionization to generate the required plasma density to match the experimental data and carry the current to the anode. This situation leads to the increase in the local electron Mach number and the possible generation of double layers described above or to plasma instabilities that increase the resistivity anomalously and heat the electrons to produce more ionization. A full 2-D model of the cathode plume is under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to investigate these issues [41]. The OrCa2D code uses a 2-D neutral gas fluid code in the insert and cylindrical orifice regions and then transitions to a collisionless neutral gas model from the orifice chamfer region into the plume. This provides the correct neutral gas density profile in the cathode plume region high numerical accuracy. The 2-D plume code then extends the system of equations used in the 2-D orifice model previously described in Section 6.4 [Eqs. (6.4-28) through (6.4-35)] on an adaptive mesh to provide the resolution required near the keeper and minimize the computational time. In solving the above equations, the code also addresses the onset of instabilities as the Mach number approaches one that produces anomalous resistivity and electron heating. For example, Fig. 6-35 shows the plasma density profile calculated by the code for the NEXIS cathode operating at the nominal 25 A and 5.5 sccm for the case of classical and anomalous resistivity in the cathode plume. The use of the classical resistivity given in Eq. (6.4-35) results in a low electron temperature in the plume region and insufficient ionization to match the experimental plasma density profile.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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