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Hollow Cathodes 291 Fig. 6-35. Plasma density profile on axis for the NEXIS cathode showing that an anomalous resistivity is required to provide sufficient ionization to come close to matching the experimental data [41]. Incorporating anomalous resistivity associated with the generation of ion acoustic instabilities in the cathode plume provides higher electron temperatures and more ionization in the plume, which better matches the measured profiles. Additional work is required to complete this model, but as the model development progresses, a clearer picture of the cathode plume physics will result. The 2-D structure of the cathode plume as it expands from the cathode orifice has been investigated by several authors [28,31,42]. Figure 6-36 shows plasma density contours measured [43] with a fast scanning Langmuir probe. The density is the highest on axis and closest to the cathode orifice, which is consistent with the visual appearance of a bright cathode ball or spot at the cathode exit that expands both radially and axially into the discharge chamber [28]. A reduction in cathode gas flow causes the ball or spot to pull back toward the cathode orifice and the plasma to expand into what is called a plume mode [44,45]. Plume mode operation generally results in high-frequency oscillations in the cathode plume that propagate into the discharge chamber and keeper region, and can couple to the power supply leads if of sufficient amplitude. The plasma potential contours measured in this case by the probe are shown in Fig. 6-37. The potential is actually a minimum on axis near the cathode, and then increases radially and axially away from the cathode exit to a value several volts in excess of the discharge voltage [28,43]. This structure near the cathode is sometimes called the trough because ions generated externally to the cathode tend to funnel into the trough and toward the cathode. Large amplitude plasmaPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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