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308 Chapter 6 Fig. 6-51. Ion energy distribution measured on axis and radially away from an NSTAR hollow cathode (from [46]). However, the fluctuations measured to date are not of sufficient amplitude to explain the significant number of ions detected by the radially positioned RPA with energies approaching or even exceeding 100 eV. Katz [65] has shown the importance of charge exchange collisions on radially accelerated ions, and how it leads to ions with higher energies than the measured plasma potentials. Immediately downstream of the discharge cathode keeper the radial plasma potential profile has a substantial dip on axis. Ions generated on the edges of the potential dip are accelerated towards the centerline. The neutral gas density, which is dominated by un-ionized gas coming out of the hollow cathode, also peaks on axis. Near the cathode, the neutral gas density is high enough that a substantial fraction of ions is neutralized by resonant charge exchange with gas atoms before making it across the potential dip. Since they are now neutral, the xenon atoms do not lose the kinetic energy they gained as ions falling into the dip, passing through to the other side of the potential dip. However, as they continue to drift radially some of the atoms are ionized, either by charge exchange or collisions with electrons, and, again, are influenced by the electric fields. By the time these ions reach the RPA, they have their original thermal energy plus the energy they gained falling down the dip, plus the energy from the plasma potential where they were re-ionized. This process is shown schematically in Fig. 6-52. The measured high energies are attained because, as a neutral particle, the xenon atom is not retarded by the potential rise, but gains the potential energy moving through the trough.PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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