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7.1 Introduction Chapter 7 Hall Thrusters Hall thrusters are relatively simple devices consisting of a cylindrical channel with an interior anode, a magnetic circuit that generates a primarily radial magnetic field across the channel, and a cathode external to the channel. However, Hall thrusters rely on much more complicated physics than ion thrusters to produce thrust. The details of the channel structure and magnetic field shape determine the performance, efficiency, and life [1–5]. The efficiency and specific impulse of flight-model Hall thrusters are typically lower than that achievable in ion thrusters [6,7], but the thrust-to-power ratio is higher and the device requires fewer power supplies to operate. The life of Hall thrusters in terms of hours of operation is usually shorter than ion thrusters (on the order of 10,000 hours), but the throughput is usually higher than in ion thrusters, and the total impulse capability can be comparable. Hall thrusters were originally envisioned in the U.S. and Russia about 50 years ago, with the first working devices reported in America in the early 1960s. Ultimately, Hall thruster technology was developed to flight status in Russia and has only recently been developed and flown outside of that country. Information about flight Hall thrusters is given in Chapter 9. There are two generic types of Hall thrusters described in the literature. Hall thrusters, Hall-effect thrusters (HETs), stationary plasma thrusters (SPTs), and magnetic-layer thrusters are all names for essentially the same device that is characterized by the use of a dielectric insulating wall in the plasma channel, as illustrated in Fig.7-1. The wall is typically manufactured from dielectric materials such as boron nitride (BN) or borosil (BN-SiO2) in flight thrusters, and also sometimes alumina (AL2O3) in laboratory thrusters. These dielectric materials have a low sputtering yield and relatively low secondary 325PDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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