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420 Chapter 8 30 20 10 0 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 Wavelength (nm) Fig. 8-18. Visible xenon spectra from the SEPAC plasma contactor observed by the AEPI hand-held camera during Shuttle Mission STS-45 (from [20]). 5 eV versus 2 eV. As a result, the absolute magnitude of the spectrum in Fig. 8-18 is about 2 orders of magnitude more intense than one would expect from an operating ion thruster. The source of the strong visible lines in the xenon spectrum is interesting. Visible emissions from states with allowed transitions to ground contribute very little to the total observed visible spectra. Most of the visible emissions originate from states that do not have allowed transitions to ground. The reason for this is that an optically allowed transition to ground is typically a thousand times more probable than a transition to another excited state. Thus, if allowed, almost every excitation will lead to an ultraviolet (UV) photon. Indeed, most of the radiation from xenon plasmas is in the UV, with only a small part in the visible. Line emissions in the visible are dominated by radiative decay from states where the radiative transitions to ground are forbidden. When an electron collision excites one of these states, it decays though a multi-step process to ground, since the direct radiative decay to ground is forbidden and the collisional decay rate is orders of magnitude slower than the allowed radiative transitions. Although the excitation cross sections from ground to these states are smaller than those to states with optically allowed transitions, the absence of a competing single-step decay path to ground allows these states to dominate the visible emissions. The total power radiated by a thruster plume, in both the visible and the UV, can be estimated by assuming that both the ion beam and the neutral gas expand Rayleigh/AngstromPDF Image | Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters
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