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Can-annular combustion chamber This combustion chamber is a combination of both annular and can-type designs. The can-annular combustion chamber consists of an outer shell (annular), with a number of cans (can type) mounted about the engine axis. The combustion chambers are cooled by air that enters the liners through various holes and louvers. This air is mixed with fuel from the fuel nozzles. The fuel-air mixture is ignited by igniter plugs, and the flame is then carried through the crossover tubes to the remaining liners. The inner combustion chamber casing serves as structural support and a heat shield. Bearing oil supply lines run through it. Low NOx combustors As previously noted, raising the temperature at which the combustion gases enter the turbine (turbine inlet temperature or TIT), will also raise the efficiency of the gas turbine cycle. Care has to be taken however, that an increase in TIT does not cause other operational problems, such as overheating of turbine components and turbine lubrication oil. If the TIT increase is not accompanied with sufficient additional cooling, this could happen. Also, one needs to consider that the amount of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) produced by a combustor increases with the value of the flame temperature in the combustor and the corresponding value of TIT. NOx emissions contribute to acid rain and legislation against NOx production has become increasingly stringent. Hence lower TITs, to the extent permitted by optimized efficiency, are desirable. This fact needs to be kept in focus when selecting and/or specifying gas turbines for particular applications and specific demographics (i.e. country or state concerned and their particular legislation). Two examples of low NOx combustors are shown in Figures 33 and 34. The SGT-600 fleet has clocked up one and a half million operating hours with its dry, low-emission (DLE) combustion system, which significantly reduces environmental impact. The DLE combustion system was developed for the SGT-600 in 1990 (original design developed by ABB, later Alstom Power, then acquired by Siemens Westinghouse). The SGT-600 burner lowers NOx by reducing the flame temperature in its combustion chamber. The SGT-600 annular combustor has a total of 18 burners. Each burner consists of a cone split in two halves, which are slightly offset to form two slots for the combustion air to enter (original Alstom designation was the “EV” burner). The main gas supply also enters through these slots, via tubes fitted along them. Primary fuel is injected at the tip of the cone. This results in a richer fuel mixture, enabling a control feature to stabilize the flame over a range of load conditions. Further combustion control can be provided by means of an optional bypass system that allows the amount of dilution air to be varied. The current design achieves NOx emission levels of less than 25 ppmv (at 15% O2), operating on natural gas in 50-100% load range. Single- digit NOx levels have been measured in some plants. The DLE system for the SGT-600 has been operating successfully in a variety of applications, including mechanical drives for pipeline and gas storage compressors; cogeneration for industrial duty as well as municipal district-heating systems; and power generation, in both combined-cycle and simple-cycle operation. Installations cover a range of environments, including offshore, from arctic to tropical, at altitudes of up to 1500 meters. Although DLE technology is suitable for dual-fuel combustion, water injection is required to reduce NOx emissions when burning liquid fuel. Emission levels for operation on liquid fuel are below 42 ppmv, at full load, with a modest water-to-fuel ratio of 0.8. Fig. 31. DLN (dry low NOx) combustor (Source: GE Power Systems) 25 Fig. 32. The SGT-600 dry, low-emission (DLE) combustion system Source: Siemens WestinghousePDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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