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34 geometry. This is done by optimizing metallurgical selections and improving cooling. The design development process is best illustrated by case studies (see below) drawn from OEM authored papers. OEM strategy with respect to repair development varies, sometimes even within their own divisions. Factors such as end-user group pressure (to develop specific repairs), international economics (end users do not always pay the same rate in dollars per fired hour for “power by the hour” contracts) and other reasons unrelated to the gas turbine system itself. So when OEMs merge or acquire divisions of another OEM, this may prove very beneficial to the end user, if certain technology areas improve. It may also prove a logistical problem with spare parts stocking and changing codes, if the “new” OEM also changes model numbers. Acquisitions and Different Design Philosophies OEM strategy with respect to repair development varies, sometimes even within that OEM’s own divisions. Factors such as end-user group pressure (to develop specific repairs), international economics (end users do not always pay the same rate in dollars per fired hour for “power by the hour” contracts) and other reasons unrelated to the gas turbine system itself. So when OEMs merge or acquire divisions of another OEM, this may prove very beneficial to the end user, if certain technology areas improve. It may also prove a logistical issue with spare parts stocking and changing codes, if the “new” OEM also changes model numbers. Other facts that affect design development are the continuous acquisitions that occur among gas turbine manufacturers. Totally different design philosophies merge when this happens. Consider for instance Siemens’ acquisition of Westinghouse. The latter’s newest models at the time had strong evidence of design methods that originated with Mitsubishi (MHI) design methods, because of the technology cooperation they had previously had with Westinghouse. Later Siemens acquired a subsidiary of what was Alstom Power (formerly ABB) in Sweden. ABB’s Swedish developed turbines had designs that had been independently developed in Sweden and were not always a scaled version of ABB’s Switzerland designs, although they drew on specialized knowledge that had been developed in Switzerland. At one point ABB Alstom (before the “ABB” was dropped from the name) had acquired what was European Gas Turbines (EGT) which formerly was Ruston, an English manufacturer. Joint ventures from component suppliers’ previous programs tend to add to the technology pool at an OEM’s disposal. Following an acquisition in 2003, the original EGT models, and the former ABB Stal (Sweden) models, are now part of Siemens. Siemens has renamed all of their turbines, including turbines that she had originated, such as the V series (V94.3, V64.3, V84.3 and so forth). End users can benefit if they watch corporate evolution of this nature as it may extend, or reduce, their own constant drive to reduce their costs per fired hour. Fleet size can also impose design development requirements. The larger OEMs, such as General Electric, tend to have several licensees that assemble their gas turbines. Designs that specify assembly methods which promote uniformity in terms of how a gas turbine is assembled save money, but may have to evolve with experience. At times, as with the introduction of the GE Frame 9F in the mid 1990s, a new design can prove vulnerable to inconsistencies in quality control systems between licensees. The 9F fleet went through a period of severe vibration suffered, on an inconsistent basis, by certain members of the fleet; some units were relatively free of this problem. Changes in rotor assembly methodology removed the potential for the compressor stack to be inaccurately assembled. As personnel migrate between countries and different OEMs, design variations tend to follow. The wide chord fan blade was pioneered by Rolls Royce and featured on engines such as their Tay and the IAE joint venture V2500. Several years later, the GE 90 featured a wide chord fan blade, which is constructed and manufactured differently from the Rolls design, but shares its performance characteristics. OEM methodology to solve the same issue may differ. For specific gas turbine plants sold in SE Asia in the early 1990s, both Siemens and Alstom, then ABB, used a silo combustor design. The Siemens design had several fuel nozzles, that had a fuel distribution pattern that reduced NOx levels to the level they had targeted. ABB chose to use a single fuel nozzle for essentially the same NOx level target as Siemens, but used water injection to reduce NOx levels. Later, to give their client base an option that would eliminate the need for boiler feed water quality for water injection; ABB developed a retrofit with multiple fuel nozzles.PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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