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36 circumferential blade velocities. The turbine aeroengine technology is partially courtesy of Ansaldo, Italy (who contract manufacture turbine sections for Siemens Westinghouse) and therefore from Pratt and Whitney, on whose design technology some elements of Ansaldo’s turbine manufacture are modeled. With a land based turbine, the designer does not have to aim for maximum pressure rise across a stage together with weight minimization (or maximum power per pound of turbine). The priority in this case is maximum efficiency. Repowering Repowering is a growing trend in Europe and the US. The incentives include adherence to Kyoto objectives. Although emissions taxes are not yet reality worldwide, they are in some European countries. The higher efficiencies available with gas turbine options are another incentive, as they make IPPs far more competitive. A case in point is the Peterhead station in Scotland. The 2 boiler, 2 GE 115 MW Frame 9E station had been designed to operate on heavy fuel oil, LNG, sour gas, and natural gas. In 1998, the decision was made to increase plant capacity with three Siemens V94.3 combined cycle units. The V94.3 is a scaled up version of the V84.3 which can run at both 60 and 50 cycles. The economics of the situation are heavily influenced by the UK’s gas supplies. Thus that station’s efficiency went from 38% to between 50 and 55%. NOx emissions will be reduced by 85 %. Another major reason for repowering is that what was thought to be 60 years worth of natural gas left in global supply terms was “updated” to 70 years plus recently. Evidence from ongoing exploration indicates that this figure will climb. Despite China’s anxiety to use its coal, and the Middle East’s desire to use its residual oil, the trend towards gas turbines burning cleaner fuels will continue as lending agencies increasingly tie their loans up with environmental standards as conditions. However, as gas turbines get better at burning pulverized coal dust, residual fuel and other erosive or corrosive fuels, use of the gas turbine will increase. Environmental Factors Legislation pressure on environmental emissions has created extensions on OEMs design staff to lower gas turbine emissions, particularly oxides of nitrogen or NOx (See Table 4.). NOx production will tend to increase with higher flame temperatures. NOx control techniques include a variety of techniques, such as adding cooling air, or extending the combustion process with a two stage combustor (see Alstom’s sequential burner design in the case studies), which results in lowered overall maximum combustor temperatures. Unburned hydrocarbons, particularly carbon monoxide or CO, are undesirable. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are also the subject of increasing attention, as they contribute to global warming. NOx emissions (like oxides of sulphur or SOx emissions) are now taxed in a growing number of global locations and carbon dioxide (CO2) tax will soon be widespread. So the design development cases that follow include work on low NOx combustor development and CO2 sequestering projects.PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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