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turbine and a steam turbine located on a single shaft can deliver this range. Countries with smaller or specialized grids buy multi-shaft combined cycle plants with several smaller gas turbines with one or more steam turbines. Dirty fuels, for instance residual promote requests for stolid, highly reliable trains that may run derated, over higher efficiency turbines. For peaking power or power systems with very low cost fuels, gas turbines in an open cycle system serve the power range between 50 and 300 MW. New order forecasts show the market evenly divided between 50 Hz or 60 Hz customers. Rising gas and oil prices everywhere, including the USA, will mean renewed strength in technologies that use alternative fuels, such as pulverized coal, paper liquor waste and steel mill flue gas. Steam-only (coal fired) Power Plant: The forecast projects 10% of the new orders will be steam power plants in 60 Hz market from 1999 to 2003 (Figure 76). In the 50 Hz market, the key ranges are 300 to 500 MW and 500 to 700 MW. Above 700 MW, supercritical technology represents a small but growing market share. OEM Modular Strategy As previously discussed, to save on costs to both OEMs and end users, OEMs have developed modular plants. Siemens has twelve basic power plant combinations (Figure 79); four for open cycle gas turbine plants, six for combined cycle plants and two for coal- fired steam power plants (with sub- and supercritical technology). Each combination covers a specific power range, efficiency, and fuel specification, with allowance for cogeneration system additions. For design flexibility, options to the reference version for each major functional unit (Figure 80) are provided. For example, “via-ship” is the reference for the functional unit “coal supply” with delivery “via rail” as an option. Flexible design requires breaking down the power plant into functional units, each of which will only directly affect one or two other modules. For a combined cycle plant, the functional units are arranged around the gas turbine and steam turbine. With the gas turbine, as we saw earlier, OEMS strive to maintain core feature commonalities. Fig. 75. Markets for Gas Turbines (1995-2005) 10 62PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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