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Table. 8. Gas Turbines for None Standard Fuels Critical Fuel Properties11 An example of gas turbine combined cycle plant burning a non-conventional is the 220 MW Valladolid plant in Mexico. This plant, commissioned in 1994, burns heavily contaminated fuel oil, containing 4.2% sodium and up to 300 ppm vanadium. Fuel impurities (sodium, potassium and vanadium), tend to form ash particles in the combustion process, form deposits and corrode the gas turbine blades. In the case of the Valladolid plant, “Epsom salts”, consisting mainly of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 7 H20), is dissolved in water injected into the gas turbine combustor through special orifices. This converts the vanadium into a stable water-soluble product (magnesium vanadate). This is deposited downstream of the combustor on the gas turbine blades, and causes only minor blade corrosion. To prevent major performance loss with salt build up (as with the Shunde, China plant that we read about previously); washing every 150 hrs was necessary to restore aerodynamic performance and plant efficiency. Good manhole access was a critical success factor for this project as servicing and maintenance during turbine washing shutdowns are simplified. (The plan is to eventually convert the Valladolid plant to natural gas operation). Factors that affect Costs per Fired Hour11 Fuel type and mode of operation (steady load/ partial load) will determine maintenance intervals and the maintenance work items required. Some estimate that burning residual or crude oil will increase maintenance costs by a factor of 3, (assuming a base of 1 for natural gas, and by a factor of 1.5 for distillate fuel) and that those costs will be three times higher for the same number of fired hours if the unit is started every fired hour, instead of starting once very 1000 .fired hours. “Peaking” at 110 percent rating will increase maintenance costs by a factor of 3 relative to base-load operation at rated capacity, for any given period. The control system on combined cycle units is automatic. When an operator starts the unit, it accelerates, synchronizes and loads “by itself”. Fewer operators are required than in a steam plant. Trends in Global Combined Cycle Installations11 A few hundred power generation plants are ordered from about a dozen OEMs every year. This means the market is exceptionally competitive. Given that most of the new plants are going into newly developing countries, the biggest factor in determining the winner of each project (bid on by several OEMs or not) is the financial deal the OEM can put together for the end user. 66PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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