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70 Oil companies as IPPs: Shell in the United Kingdom is a good example of a growing trend. As IPPs, oil companies can be their own customer for their oil and gas. This then short circuits much of the Fuel Purchase Agreement contractual formalities that other IPPs have to negotiate. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Plants11 IGCC plants consist of three main sections: • the "gas island" for conversion of coal and/or refinery residues (such as heavy fuel oil, vacuum residues or petroleum coke). This includes gasification and downstream gas purification (removal of sulfur and heavy metal compounds in accord with required emissions levels), • the air separation unit and • the combined cycle plant. The modular design (gas generation, gas turbine system, HRSG and the steam turbine system) allows phased construction as well as retrofitting of the CC plant with a gasification plant. This replaces the "standard" gas turbine fuels (natural gas or fuel oil) by syngas produced from coal or refinery residues. IGCC is a combination of two proven technologies, however proper integration depends on using the lessons learned form several demonstration projects in Europe and the USA. Currently, there are more that 350 gasifiers operating commercially worldwide and at least seven technology suppliers. There are about 100 CC units plants ordered per year, but there is limited experience of IGCC commercial operation. Currently, we refer to operating experience at five IGCC plants: the 261 MW Wabash River plant; the 248.5 MW Tampa plant; the 253 MW Buggenum plant; the 99.7 MW Pinon Pine plant and the 318 to 300 MW Puertollano plant. IGCC will see commercial application in developed countries, such as Italy, for residual refinery fuels and gasified coal. However, great care needs to be taken in implementing a commercialization strategy for developing countries. Through 2015, the potential for refinery-based integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants is estimated to be 135 GW. Currently over 6GW of coal and refinery residue based IGCC projects are either, under construction or are planned. Figure 85 shows some of the IGCC plants that are planned or under construction. Technology/Performance/Environment /Demand Trends11 Figure 82 compares the supply flows, emissions and by products of different 600 MW-class plants. With environmental emissions (including greenhouse gases, GHG), IGCC plants compare well with pulverized coal-fired steam power plants. Depending on the degree of integration between the gas turbine and the air separation unit (ASU), either standard gas turbine/compressor configurations can be applied. If not, the mismatch between turbine and compressor mass flows which results from the application of gases with low heating values, limited modifications are required to compensate. Three options are available. The selection of the appropriate air and nitrogen integration concept depends on a number of factors to be considered on a case by case basis. A summary of the important criteria is provided in Figure 83 Figure 84 sets out the principal criteria for selection of the different IGCC integration concepts. The “fully integrated approach” (selected for the European coal-based demonstration plants) results in the highest efficiency potential, but it can prove more difficult to operate. Nevertheless, after some initial operational problems, the Buggenum IGCC facility has demonstrated that design can provide good availability.PDF Image | GAS TURBINES IN SIMPLE CYCLE COMBINED CYCLE APPLICATIONS
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