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GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics specific humidity, as shown in Figure 17. As satu- ration is approached, water begins to condense from the air, and mist eliminators are used. Further heat transfer cools the condensate and air, and causes more condensation. Because of the relatively high heat of vaporization of water, most of the cooling energy in this regime goes to condensation and little to temperature reduction. Steam and Water Injection for Power Augmentation Injecting steam or water into the head end of the combustor for NOx abatement increases mass flow and, therefore, output. Generally, the amount of water is limited to the amount required to meet the NOx requirement in order to minimize operating cost and impact on inspection intervals. Steam injection for power augmentation has been an available option on GE gas turbines for over 30 years. When steam is injected for power augmentation, it can be introduced into the compressor discharge casing of the gas turbine as well as the combustor. The effect on output and heat rate is the same as that shown in Figure 14. GE gas turbines are designed to allow up to 5% of the compressor airflow for steam injec- tion to the combustor and compressor dis- charge. Steam must contain 50 F/28 C super- heat and be at pressures comparable to fuel gas pressures. When either steam or water is used for power augmentation, the control system is normally designed to allow only the amount needed for NOx abatement until the machine reaches base (full) load. At that point, additional steam or water can be admitted via the governor control. Peak Rating The performance values listed in Table 1 are base load ratings. ANSI B133.6 Ratings and Performance defines base load as operation at 8,000 hours per year with 800 hours per start. It also defines peak load as operation at 1250 hours per year with five hours per start. In recognition of shorter operating hours, it is possible to increase firing temperature to gen- erate more output. The penalty for this type of operation is shorter inspection inter vals. Despite this, running an MS5001, MS6001 or MS7001 at peak may be a cost-effective way to obtain more kilowatts without the need for additional peripheral equipment. Generators used with gas turbines likewise have peak ratings that are obtained by operating at higher power factors or temperature rises. Peak cycle ratings are ratings that are customized to the mission of the turbine considering both starts and hours of operation. Firing tempera- tures between base and peak can be selected to maximize the power capabilities of the turbine while staying within the starts limit envelope of the turbine hot section repair interval. For instance, the 7EA can operate for 24,000 hours on gas fuel at base load, as defined. The starts limit to hot section repair interval is 800 starts. For peaking cycle of five hours per start, the hot section repair interval would occur at 4,000 hours, which corresponds to operation at peak firing temperatures. Turbine missions between five hours per start and 800 hours per start may allow firing temperatures to increase above base but below peak without sacrificing hours to hot section repair. Water injection for power aug- mentation may be factored into the peak cycle rating to further maximize output. Performance Degradation All turbomachinery experiences losses in per- formance with time. Gas turbine performance degradation can be classified as recoverable or non-recoverable loss. Recoverable loss is usually GE Power Systems ■ GER-3567H ■ (10/00) 14PDF Image | GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics
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