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Sensors 2020, 20, 506 8 of 14 E = 12 · C · (∆V)2 (5) GCD curves of different types of friction layers at different current densities (1 A g−1, 5 A g−1, 10 A g−1, see Figure 2). Due to the internal resistance of each friction layer, the voltage drop at different current densities is obtained by processing the GCD curve (Figure 2). It can be seen that the voltage drop increases with the increase of current density. Among them, at low current density (<5 A g−1), the voltage drop of the friction layer all increases after adding PA6, PVDF and BaTiO3. The specific capacitance C is calculated by Equation (4), and the result is plotted as Figure 4b. It can be seen that since the ion migration transmission rate cannot be consistent with the current density increase amplitude. As the current density increases, the frictional capacitance of each friction layer first decreases sharply and then tends to be stable. In addition, after adding PA6, PVDF, and BaTiO3, the internal arrangement structure of each friction layer is different and lead to different permeability, so the electrochemical parameters are different at each current density. The energy density E is calculated according to Equation (5), and the result is plotted as Figure 4c. It can be found that the energy density has a similar change trend with the specific capacitance. Since this experiment uses a potential-based charge and discharge test method. By simplifying the calculation formula, it is known that the current density is the larger than the energy density, so it tends to decrease as the current density increases. Among them, at the current density of 1 A g−1, after adding PVDF, the energy density reaches 8.85 Wh Kg−1 (up to 112.78% of the pure cellulose friction layer). It can be found that the specific capacitance and energy density decrease after adding PA6, PVDF and BaTiO3. Although the number of internal conductive particles increases, but the permeability decreases, and the ion rate of transmission also decreases at low current densities. It is manifested that the specific capacitance and energy density are reduced at this current density. 3.4. Single Open Circuit Voltage/Short Circuit Current Test The performance of different types of friction layer and PTFE film is tested, and the extrusion frequency was 1 Hz. The open circuit output voltage and short circuit current values of different types of friction layers in the 50 s are tested experimentally. By eliminating the cluttered data and fitting the curve, the open circuit output voltage curve of a single different type of friction layer is shown in Figure 5, and the short circuit output current curve is shown in Figure 6. It can be seen that the peak output voltage of the pure cellulose friction layer is 7.925 V, and the peak value of the short-circuit output current is 1.095 μA. After adding PA6, the output voltage increased to 14.279 V (up 180.17%) and the output current increased to 2.917 μA (up 266.30%). After adding PVDF, the output voltage increased to 15.755 V (up 198.80%) and the output current increased to 3.239 μA (up 295.63%). Due to the different electronegativity of different materials, the electrical output performance is different. The greater different in electronegativity between the two materials, the better the electrical output performance of the nano-generator. Therefore, the electrical output performance after PVDF is better than that with PA6. After adding BaTiO3 based on the addition of PA6, the output voltage was further increased to 18.798 V (up 131.65%), and the output current was increased to 5.129 μA (up 192.59%). After adding BaTiO3 to the PVDF, the output voltage is further increased to 20.155 V (up 127.93%), and the output current is increased to 6.001 μA (up 185.30%). This is because BaTiO3 is a ferroelectric compound with high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, and has a strong charge storage capacity. By using its high dielectric constant property, strong charge storage capacity and piezoelectric effect, its incorporation into the original friction layer can increase its dielectric constant and further improve the output performance of the nano-generator. At the same time, since the BaTiO3 crystal has no symmetry center, the charge distribution changes when the pressure is applied, the dipole moment is generated, and the piezoelectric effect is generated. The piezoelectric effect further enhances the piezoelectric performance of the friction layer and can also improve the output performance of the generator.PDF Image | Green Triboelectric Nano-Generator Composite of Degradable Cellulose, Piezoelectric Polymers of PVDF PA6
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