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connected to external load, current will flow between them to screen out the electric field built up by the charged surfaces. As they are brought into contact again by external mechanical stimuli, the potential difference on the electrodes will change and current will flow back in the opposite direction. A continuous alternating current (AC) output can be obtained by repeating this operation cycle. In other words, the device operates on the coupling of two commonly observed phenomena, contact electrification and electrostatic induction, with the former providing the static polarized charges on material surfaces and the latter driving the transformation of mechanical energy to electricity via mechanically triggered change in electric potential. This qualitative description provides a straightforward understanding of contact separation TENG, but the fundamental physics model has been lacking until the mechanism origin was traced back to Maxwell’s displacement current in 2017.15, 16 Maxwell’s displacement current is defined J =D=E+P (1) D t t t where D is the displacement field, is the permittivity of the medium, E is the electric field, and PS is the polarization contributed by the presence of surface polarization charges contributed from piezoelectric and or triboelectric effect. The first term refers to a time- varying electric field and is tied to the origin of electromagnetic waves, while the second term presents the contribution from surface polarization and is the origin of nanogenerators. More specifically, in the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG), this polarization comes from piezoelectric polarization charges generated by applied strain. In TENG, external electrostatic charges induced from triboelectrification build up time-varying surface polarization as two materials in contact undergo mechanically agitated displacement. 3 SPDF Image | HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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