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a function of z, and thus, the mechanical energy which induces change in z is converted into electrical energy. The corresponding displacement current can be calculated as JD =Dz =tr(z,t) (2) t t This displacement current is the only conduction mechanism for electricity transport in capacitive conduction and leads to the output current of TENG via electromagnetic waves and induction, rather than the flow of free charges directly across the electrodes as in a resistor. Oppositely charged surfaces with a changing gap distance can be viewed as a capacitor with varying capacitance. This perspective gives a more intuitive representation of the TENG using the capacitor model (Figure 1c), whose current is given by I = dQ = Adtr (3) dt dt The result is equivalent to Equation 2 and validates that Maxwell’s displacement current is the foundation of the capacitive model. The corresponding output voltage of TENG can be written as V=− 1 Q+VOC(z) (4) C(z) Along with Ohm’s law, this capacitive model of TENG is the theoretical tool that enables the study, design and optimization of TENG.18-23 Another model using the distance-dependent electric field concept and Norton’s theorem has also been proposed recently to more accurately simulate the output behavior of a TENG with an external 5PDF Image | HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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