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triboelectric layer, the triboelectric charge density is lower than 15 μC/m2 in atmosphere, while that with only PTFE is 120 μC/m2. By integrating PTFE with BT, on the other hand, the charge density is 142 μC/m2 in atmosphere, around the theoretical limitation of air breakdown, and a record high of 1003 μC/m2 in high vacuum without air breakdown. The results are clear evidence of the synergistic effect between surface and dielectric polarization. This mechanism opens a new paradigm for TENG optimization via coupling surface polarization from triboelectrification and hysteretic dielectric polarization from ferroelectric material. The selected milestone of TENG development is summarized in Figure 6h. Initially, the triboelectric charge density of TENG based on Cu and PTFE is around 50 μC/m2. The value is improved to 134 μC/m2 and 219 μC/m2 when liquid metal galinstan and gallium, instead of Cu, are used respectively, due to better contact intimacy.72 Inspired by liquid metal, soft material and fragmental contacting structure (silicon rubber mixed with carbon materials, SR-C) reach 250 μC/m2.70 In this work, the charge density in high vacuum is enhanced to 660 μC/m2 simply with a cushioned Cu electrode and a fragmental structure, and further elevated to 1003 μC/m2 by integrating PTFE with ferroelectric BT. Compared with the 50 μC/m2 of the conventional TENG, the output triboelectric charge density has been boosted by 20-fold. 2.1.4 Application of TENG Working in Vacuum The elevated output performance of a TENG with a soft contact area of 5 cm ×5cm in high vacuum was demonstrated through driving various electronics together with an energy storage unit. Here, a supercapacitor of 1.2 mF was used. Figure 7a presents the 20PDF Image | HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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