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2.1.6.4 Characterization The vacuum environment for the TENG testing was obtained using an e-beam evaporator (Key). The contact-separation process of the TENG device was driven by the movement of a target shutter inside the vacuum chamber of the evaporator, and the external force was applied to an external knob which was connected to the target shutter. A programmable electrometer (Keithley model 6514) was adopted to test the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and transferred charge density. A potentiostat (Princiton Application Research) was utilized to test the capacitance of the capacitor and the charging/discharging curves of the self-charging power system. 2.2 Spring-Based Resonance Coupling for Enhancing TENG Performance in Harvesting Low-Frequency Vibration Energy Conventionally, the ambient mechanical energy is converted into electricity using EMG. The fundamental operating principle of EMG is Faraday’s law of induction, and the technology maturity has enabled its wide application in both small-scale devices like RF powered tags and large-scale facilities like wind turbines and water dams. 76-78 However, its nature of linear relationship between output voltage/current and operating frequency greatly limits its effectiveness at low frequency (<5 Hz).61 The effective output power obtained at low frequency could barely drive any electronics that has a threshold operation voltage.79-81 In contrast, the output voltage of TENG is independent of frequency and remains in the range of 10-100 V depending on materials and structure design, resulting in a much slower declining rate of power after power management.82-84 Considering that most ambient mechanical energy is at low frequency, therefore, TENG has a great potential in 26PDF Image | HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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