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in electrical output. Therefore, the method serves as a great scheme for evaluating and standardizing TENG’s performance in practical working environment. 2.2.1 Device Structures and Mechanism of Spring-Based Resonance Coupling Most conventional TENGs for harvesting vibration energy can be simplified as a single-spring resonator (referred to as SR-TENG below), and work on either contact- separation mode or single-electrode mode. In this work the single-electrode mode was chosen as the study subject but the concept applies to the contact-separation mode as well. A typical single-electrode SR-TENG consists of a single mass (denoted by m0, 60.87 g) and a spring for resonant vibration, with one Cu film attached on the top base of the device and a PTFE film attached on the vibrating mass m0, as illustrated in the left-hand schematic of Figure 8a. The PTFE film serves as one triboelectric layer while the Cu film functions as the other triboelectric layer as well as an electrode connected to external loads. Figure 8b and Figure 8c present the working mechanism of the single-electrode TENG under short-circuit condition and numerically calculated potential distribution of three typical states under open-circuit condition respectively. At the initial state i, the Cu electrode and PTFE film are in contact and there is no current flow or potential difference. Due to different surface electron affinities, however, the electrons will be transferred from the Cu electrode surface to the PTFE surface, leaving net positive charges on the electrode surface and net negative charges on the PTFE surface. When the electrode and PTFE film separates (state ii), the resulted charge separation will induce positive potential on the electrode relative to the ground under open-circuit condition, while under short-circuit condition, electrons will be driven from the ground to the electrode. At the maximum separation distance (state iii), the open-circuit potential on the electrode will reach its maximum value. 28PDF Image | HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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