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patches is hindered by the need of external power sources that are cumbersome and hazardous, as well as the complicated electrical components required for feedback control. Previously Ogawa et al. reported a completely organic iontophoresis patch with a built-in biofuel cell as a lightweight and safe power source, but it did not offer feedback control since the current could not be adjusted once the patch was mounted on the skin.144 To address these issues, a self-powered wearable iontophoretic TDD system based on biomechanical motion sensing and energy harvesting is proposed in this work for closed- loop motion detection and therapy. 3.2.1 Proposed Self-Powered Iontophoretic TDD System To realize a wearable iontophoretic TDD system that offers on-demand therapeutic delivery without external power sources, our proposed system consists of a wearable TENG as the power source and a hydrogel-based soft patch as the drug carrier (Figure 28). TENG, which can convert mechanical energy into electricity through the coupled effects of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, has emerged as a promising power source for the era of IoT owing to its merits of low cost, broad material availability, light weight and high efficiency at low operation frequencies.17 It has found vast applications as micro power sources for self-powered wearable or implantable systems.113, 145-148 Recently, TENG was proposed as a voltage source for electroporation drug delivery but it requires invasive penetration of a metallic electrode under the skin for TDD.149 In this work, a wearable TENG is proposed as a current source to control the iontophoretic TDD in a non- invasive manner (Figure 28b). The TENG can be designed in various form factors and mounted onto different parts of body to scavenge electric energy from biomechanical motions. The rationally designed drug patch is made of soft materials and can be 79PDF Image | HIGH PERFORMANCE TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS
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