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Chapter2. Theory 8 The turbine of the core engines powers the core compressor, the fan and all sec- ondary equipment, e.g. the integrated drive generator for board power genera- tion. The remaining work available is converted into accelerated air, which re- sults in the core thrust. The bypass produces thrust via large mass flows m ̇ I I and small velocity differences, as the inlet surface area is comparably large to that of the core engine, while the OAPR of the fan is almost neglectable compared to that of the core compressor stages. Since the introduction of turbofan engines, the trend has moved to everincreasing bypass ratios, as this promotes the afore- mentioned advantages of making use of a large bypass mass flow. This comes with some repercussions, however. As the bypass ratio grow larger, so does the nacelle front surface area, hence increasing aerodynamic resistance and weight of the engine. This in turn entails a reduced ground clearance and larger supporting structures to carry the heavier nacelle. Both advantages and detriments have to be thoroughly considered while designing an engine to reach an optimally satis- fying end product. 2.2 Fluid Mechanics Many processes in fluid mechanics are very turbulent and thus highly stochastic in nature. Though computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has improved a great deal over the last decades, it still is advisable to approach some phenomena with experimental analysis, especially when a large amount of test cases is involved, as the cost of CFD has the potential to scale considerably steeper with increasing computation time. Experimental work, on the other hand, has a larger forward fixed cost, but is comparably more affordable as tests are carried out. In addition, experimental work tends to produce more reliable results, as CFD analysis always incorporates assumptions, e.g. turbulence modellation [34]. 2.2.1 Similitude Due to physical constraints, it is oftentimes not feasible to mount a full scale ana- lysis of turbomachinery. The scaled models, that are subsequently used, possess different flow characteristics. Therefore, it is an inherent requirement of each test, that the data collected during model testing is comparable to the full scale model in its physical properties. There exist several dimensionless quantities thatPDF Image | Investigation of wing installation effects on the sound field of a model jet engine
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