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Chapter2. Theory 15 by other sources like the turbine and combustion process can be of greater mag- nitude than the jet noise, essentially drowning it out. As mentioned before, this happens especially during low thrust flight, as then the exhaust velocity is low and the subsequent mixing process is comparably slow and quiet. This deviating influence has to be segregated to enhance measurement quality. For the tests this work is based on, this factor can be neglected, as there are no turbomachinery components in the experiment setup. Single stream jet noise The term "jet noise" refers to sound sources in the mixing exhaust jet and shock induced noise from an inefficiently expanding supersonic flow [33]. The latter is neglectable in the scope of this work, as it only deals with jet exhaust velocities lower than the local speed of sound. Jet mixing noise is caused by pressure fluctu- ations due to mixing turbulence, which are created during the mixing process and propagate as sound waves through the surrounding atmosphere [29, 36]. Similar to other turbulence induced sound, jet noise has a distinctive broadband noise spectrum, as the eddies created during the process increase in size while travel- ling downstream, see Fig. 2.5 [33]. Figure 2.9 on page 19 shows the frequency spectrum of a common jet. Figure 2.5: Jet mixing process, showing shock induced noise and eddy dissipation [33]. According to Lighthills Theory of Sound [19], the fluctuating shear stress is re- sponsible for the generation of broadband noise, its intensity being related to the eighth power of the jet velocity, I ∼ c8. Experimental studies showed, that this assumption holds true for all but very low and high frequencies. For low fre- quencies, this deviation most likely occurs due to other sound sources drowning out the jet noise, resulting in I ∼ c5. For high frequencies, however, the speed of the convected eddies is greater than the local speed of sound with which thePDF Image | Investigation of wing installation effects on the sound field of a model jet engine
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