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Chapter2. Theory 19 flight. This effect has a magnitude of the same order as the first one, however within the audible range. It can be alleviated or even completely obviated by considering engine placement during design. Unoptimised installation may act as if an additional engine was mounted [26]. Figure 2.9 shows a typical farfield SPL spectrum of an isolated jet in addition to a jet affected by PAA interactions, taken from Nelson [26], where the afore- mentioned effects can be observed. Similar observations regarding the spectrum have been made by other authors ([1, 5, 9]), the SPL maximum ranging between f = 100 . . . 2000 Hz, depending on jet speed, temperature, immission angle and experiment setup. Figure 2.9: Farfield frequency spectrum of an isolated jet and with installation ef- fects [26]. Additionally, sound waves are subject to reflection, refraction and diffraction ef- fects. Reflection may cause the sound source to appear louder and change di- rectivity [13] or create the pretence of a second sound source [24]. Incidence and exit angle correspond, while part of the impinging sound is absorbed by the re- flection surface [25]. The wing acts as a natural sound reflection surface and as such can be expected to alter the SPL of the installed jet. When a sound wave travels through two different, permeable fluid media, it is refracted [24], altering the incidence angle of the sound wave. As the core, bypass and free flows are all of a different velocity and temperature, refraction effects can be expected in jet acoustics. Lastly, sound waves are able to bend around solid objects, an effectPDF Image | Investigation of wing installation effects on the sound field of a model jet engine
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