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als scientists, electrical engineers, and other orga- nizational personnel. The industry, of course, benefited from the millions in research and development funds that poured into the region’s university and industrial laboratories from the Department of Defense. Such research was not re- stricted to (or even primarily directed toward) propulsion technology. Rather, advances in com- puters and microelectronics led to advances in sys- tems controls and instrumentation. Illustrating the gains to be reaped from regional agglomera- tion, a number of New England firms contributed to the still-evolving technologies related to elec- tronic engine sensors and control systems.22 The materials sector also benefited from govern- ment-supported research efforts. During the 1950s and 1960s, the central Massachusetts firm Wyman- Gordon, for example, was the recipient of $397 million in Air Force research funds to develop ma- chinery for large light-alloy forgings. To this day, Wyman-Gordon remains a leader in this area.23 The competitive strength of New England–based firms, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Pratt & Whitney, and their many local suppliers, provided more than employment opportunities for thou- sands of engineers, technical personnel, and skilled production workers across Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and southern New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine. It also served as the foundation for the economic prosperity of entire cities across the region. This dependence was especially true for Lynn, Massachusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut. The importance of air- craft engine manufacturing as a source of jobs and as a foundation for economic activity was not restricted to the cities that were home to the major plants. In Worcester, Springfield, and a score of smaller communities along the Connecti- cut River, establishments of all sizes carried out the range of precision metalworking activities, forging, casting, and precision machining in- volved in the fabrication of the thousands of jet- engine components. Subcontractors working for GE and Pratt & Whitney thus aided the diffusion of technological advances in materials (e.g., tita- nium and nickel-based superalloys, powder metal- lurgy) as well as precision machining techniques, spinning off to nonaircraft markets such as auto components, medical devices, and implants. Beyond the regional benefits of agglomeration, other positive dynamics characterized the indus- try during the golden years. Innovations in propulsion were the “pacing technologies” that led the improvements in aircraft performance through the postwar era, contributing to the growth of the market for air travel. With each new generation of aircraft engine, air travel be- came faster, cheaper, safer, and less damaging to the environment. In many ways, the story of the aircraft engine industry epitomized the virtuous cycle of U.S. capitalism during these years where technological progress helped to grow new mar- kets, providing more jobs, while also improving productivity, allowing for growth in wages. That business success would lead to more and better employment opportunities over time could be summed up in the idea “what was good for Gen- eral Motors was good for America.” Gains from economic growth were widely shared. The for- tunes of U.S. workers were tied to the well being of U.S. corporations. And business cycles notwithstanding, if the latter did well, the former could expect to do well also. As has been documented by a number of re- searchers, however, this era drew to a close some- time during the early 1970s.24 The financial health of U.S. corporations, which formerly had supported the expansion of the quantity and quality of employment opportunities, increasingly seemed at odds with it. There is some evidence of similar tendencies in aircraft engine manufactur- ing, where employment is approaching historic lows and wages appear to have stagnated, despite healthy profit levels and growing productivity. Of course, the dramatic culmination of this “diver- gence of fortunes” was the massive downsizing of the industry that occurred in the early 1990s. 10 UMass Donahue InstitutePDF Image | JET ENGINE MANUFACTURING IN NEW ENGLAND
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