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Divergence of Fortunes The future holds many questions. What will be the fate of the jet engine industry in New Eng- land? Are today’s job losses predictors of future loss of market share to enterprises abroad? Or will shed- ding employment in New England and the United States be the very source of U.S.–based producers’ competitive advantage as they invest in their “core competencies” of high-value design, engineering, and marketing activities, spinning off production activities to firms elsewhere? To answer these questions, we must examine the strategies being pursued by enterprises in the in- dustry. At the macro level, economists have iden- tified two trends that seem to be behind the “di- vergence of fortunes”: developments in trade and developments in technology. Proponents of the trade theory attribute the divergence to globaliza- tion or the increased flows of trade and capital across borders. According to this theory, U.S. workers are subject to growing international com- petition with low-wage workers in other parts of the world, which has lowered wages and employ- ment prospects, especially for less-skilled workers in the United States. Adherents of the technology theory maintain that the 1980s and 1990s were marked by “skill-biased” technological change (especially computerization) that hurt prospects for blue-collar workers, while simultaneously im- proving prospects for white-collar workers. Which theory holds for aircraft engine manufacturing? Developments on both fronts have made contri- butions, but not exactly in the way economists have traditionally framed them. Because of the systems integrators’ responsibility for ensuring compliance with regulatory produc- tion standards (and their liability if such standards are not met), suppliers in the aircraft engine in- dustry must meet high quality standards, demon- strate proficiency with sophisticated production techniques, and have well-documented proce- dures. According to information provided by the Federal Aviation Administration, with the excep- tion of half a dozen firms, all Pratt & Whitney and GE suppliers are currently located in nations that belong to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Most are located in countries that are generally characterized as having significantly less flexible working condi- tions (and often higher wages) than the United States.29 Thus, it is difficult to characterize the in- ternationalization of production as a “race to the bottom” search for low wages and poor working conditions, but it is also more generally inconsis- tent with many characterizations of globalization as affecting only blue-collar production workers. Jet Engine Manufacturing in New England 13PDF Image | JET ENGINE MANUFACTURING IN NEW ENGLAND
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