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Jet Engine Basics, Metrics, and Technological Trends 11 ting. Most early jet engines were turbojets. However, with some ex- ceptions, such as some small and relatively inexpensive turbojets designed for one-time-use missile applications, modern jet engines have evolved into more-complicated devices called turbofan engines. A turbofan engine is more complex and more efficient than a turbo- jet. A turbofan adds a second compressor, called a fan, a low-pressure turbine to drive the fan, and an annular-shaped bypass duct that al- lows part of the fan’s discharge air to flow around the high-pressure compressor, combustor, and both turbines. The fan compresses air, much like the high-pressure compressor, and some of the air leaving the fan enters the high-pressure compressor, while the remainder flows through the bypass duct. This bypass air is eventually acceler- ated through a nozzle to produce thrust. Figure 2.1 is a cutaway drawing of a Pratt & Whitney (P&W) F100-220 afterburning turbofan. The fan, high-pressure compressor, combus- tor, high-pressure turbine, low-pressure turbine, bypass duct, after- burner, and nozzle are labeled. (The inlet is not shown because each tactical aircraft would have a different inlet design.) The combination of high-pressure compressor, combustor, and high-pressure turbine is known as an engine’s core. In afterburning turbofans, the portion of the fan’s air that passes through the bypass duct is remixed with the core’s combustion products in the afterburner, before the mixture is accelerated through the nozzle. When maximum or near maximum thrust is nec- essary, the afterburner injects additional fuel into these flows as they are mixing, and then burns this air-fuel mixture before it reaches the nozzle. Due to fuel efficiency (flight duration and range) considera- tions, the afterburner is used only for takeoff and when maximum acceleration is needed for a short period of time. In fact, the F-22’s afterburning turbofan (Pratt & Whitney F119-100) is powerful enough to allow this aircraft to supercruise (fly supersonically with- out afterburning). Turbofans are the only engines on military fighter aircraft that are equipped with afterburners. Most of the engines flying on modern commercial airliners and similar wide-body and military aircraft are high-bypass-ratio (BPR) turbofans and do not use afterburners. The BPR is the ratio of the bypass airflow rate to the core airflow rate.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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