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34 Military Jet Engine Acquisition status and predict future problem behavior (such as compressor stalls, loss of efficiency, increased emissions, component wear and failure, and other behaviors) may be accompanied by control al- gorithms that can adjust engine settings in flight to reoptimize per- formance. These capabilities should save O&S funds or at least allow O&S costs to be predicted more accurately and budgeted. However, these capabilities will add to development costs until this technology field fully matures and is integrated into engines. Advanced Fuels Advancements in fuels for jet engines have been primarily in the form of new additives and improved refining processes to enhance the safety, operability, and maintainability of engines, rather than to increase the energy level of the fuels.5 The practice of using an air- craft’s fuel as a heat sink to cool avionics and other components has caused the fuels to approach their thermal limits as these heat loads have increased. Heating a fuel past its thermal limit causes it to begin to decompose, leaving a residue called coke that can clog the fuel lines and injectors. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has developed a new fuel, JP8+100, which incorporates an additive that increases by 100oF the temperature that the fuel can reach without coking. As an added benefit, AFRL has discovered during operational field testing that this additive actually cleans the engine parts downstream of the com- bustion process. This additive increases the cost of the fuel by ap- proximately one cent per gallon. AFRL continues to work on fuels that can withstand even higher heat loads. As these fuels are intro- duced, they may significantly affect O&S costs as costs of fuel, engine maintenance, spare parts, and other costs change. ______________ 5To obtain significantly greater fuel energy densities (fuel heating values), a signifi- cantly different fuel must be used. The liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived from crude oil (e.g., jet propellant–type fuels, gasoline, and kerosene) all have similar fuel heating values. Less complex hydrocarbon fuels (e.g., methane [CH4]) typically have some- what higher heating values, and hydrogen’s heating value is more than twice that of traditional hydrocarbon fuels.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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